This article addresses a classic issue in the Metaphysics of Events concerning the conditions under which a specific event remains unchanged amid possible counterfactual changes. Multiplicators, who admit little or no variation in property categories for event individuation, contrast with unifiers, who are more tolerant of such variations. Two fundamental arguments are critically analyzed. Firstly, arguments based on common linguistic practices suggesting that we speak about the same events varying over time are discussed. Counterexamples demonstrate the unreliability of these practices (...) from the standpoint of the metaphysics of event individuation. Secondly, the argument that the non-fragilist position conflicts with the principle of alternative possibilities and the intuition that cases with very close action alternatives do not involve moral responsibility is addressed. The analysis indicates that such cases may involve numerically distinct actions, suggesting the need for a modification in the principle of alternative possibilities. It is concluded that there are no plausible reasons to reject the fragilist stance, and it is possible to decide abductively in its favor. (shrink)

This study focuses on a particular type of Naïve Realism known as objectivism, which suggests that the explanation of perceptual phenomenology is based on environmental things that the subject becomes acquainted with. Section 2 introduces a subtype of objectivism, “selectivism”, which aims to overcome a traditional kind of objection. However, this section highlights that the cases these objections invoke may still posit challenges (demands for explanations) to selectivism. Section 3 discusses a recent objection to objectivism and demonstrates how it can (...) be addressed by selectivism so becomes only a challenge of this kind. However, it is important to note that, despite not providing positive refutations, these challenges are still significant. Sections 4 and 5 present the main contribution of this study, as they provide novel arguments that conclusively refute objectivism. Section 4 presents an argument that shows the falsity of objectivism as it has been presented in the literature. Nevertheless, a modified version of objectivism is proposed that could address it, although it still faces some non-definitive challenges. This reformulated theory is a novel type within the realm of Naïve Realism as a whole, as it posits that perceptions involve acquaintance with facts relative to sense organs. In contrast, Section 5 proposes an argument that positively refutes objectivism, which cannot be salvaged by any modification. Section 6 raises objections to an alternative option of Naïve Realism and, also based on the issues raised earlier in the article regarding objectivism, concludes that Naïve Realism must be subjectivist. (shrink)

O Realismo Ingênuo postula que as percepções envolvem a consciência direta de entidades independentes da mente. Essa perspectiva sobre a percepção é frequentemente elogiada por suas supostas vantagens sobre teorias concorrentes, incluindo sua capacidade de dar conta de aspectos cognitivos, epistêmicos e fenomenais. No entanto, o Realismo Ingênuo enfrenta objeções, especialmente provenientes do Argumento Causal. Uma versão específica desse argumento, proposta por Howard Robinson, e amplamente negligenciada no discurso acadêmico, é criticamente examinada aqui. No presente estudo, ela passou por inúmeras (...) discussões exegéticas, revelando que sua proposição central afirma que os efeitos que compartilham o mesmo padrão causal geral devem ser intrinsecamente idênticos, entrando em conflito com o realismo ingênuo. Nossa avaliação crítica do argumento mostra que essa ideia é criticada por ser um princípio causal geral implausivelmente equivocado, considerando vários contraexemplos, especialmente sobreposição de padrões causais. (shrink)